Effects of Smoking Habits on Omega-3 Food Intake in Adults

Authors

  • Amelia Lorensia Department of Community-Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya
  • I Gede Agus Sindhu Aditama Department of Community-Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya
  • Rivan Virlando Suryadinata Department Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Surabaya, Surabaya
  • Dian Natasya Raharjo Department of Community-Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.ijhn.2023.010.02.6

Keywords:

omega-3 intake, omega-3 levels, smoking habit

Abstract

Smoking habits have been shown to impact omega-3 food intake, and cigarette smoke can increase lipid peroxidation through the induction of oxidative stress.  Omega-3, an essential fatty acid, can be obtained through the consumption of fish, milk, eggs, and supplements. This cross-sectional research aimed to assess the relationship between omega-3 food intake and smoking habits. The research was conducted from March to June 2022 in Rungkut District, Surabaya, Indonesia. Data collected included the respondents’ quantities and frequency of consuming foods containing omega-3, namely fish, milk, and eggs. Additionally, the level of nicotine dependence among smokers was evaluated using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). The method for data analysis was the chi-square test. The total respondents in this study were 116 people, consisting of 41 smokers and 75 non-smokers. No significant differences were observed in the consumption patterns of omega-3-rich foods, including eggs, fish, and milk, between smokers and non-smokers (p > 0.01 for each food item). However, a significant difference was observed in the consumption of supplements containing omega-3 between the smoker and non-smoker groups (p < 0.005). However, the overall omega-3 intake did not exhibit a significant difference between smokers and non-smokers. Notably, a higher proportion of respondents who smoked reported consuming omega-3 supplements compared to the non-smoker group. Consequently, there is a need to conduct further research to identify the underlying factors that influence the habit of smokers toward consuming omega-3.

References

  • Perez-Warnisher MT, De Miguel MDPC, Seijo LM. Tobacco Use Worldwide: Legislative Efforts to Curb Consumption. Ann Glob Health. 2018;84(4):571-579. doi:10.9204/aogh.2362.
  • Directorate of Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Indonesia sebagai Negara penghasil tembakau terbesar keenam; 2018.
  • Holipah H, Sulistomo HW, Maharani A. Tobacco smoking and risk of all-cause mortality in Indonesia. PLoS One 2020;15(12):e0242558. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242558.
  • Kusumawardani N, Tarigan I, Suparmi, et al. Socio-economic, demographic and geographic correlates of cigarette smoking among Indonesian adolescents: results from the 2013 Indonesian Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) survey. Glob Health Action 2018;11(sup1):1467605. doi:10.1080/16549716.2018.1467605.
  • Lorensia A, Pratama AM, Hersandio R. Knowledge and attitudes on smoking cessation of e-cigarettes: a mixed-methods study of pharmacy students in Surabaya, Indonesia. J Prev Med Hyg 2022;62(4):E918-E925. doi:10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.4.2330.
  • Government Regulation No. 109 of 2012 Article 39 concerning the Safety of Materials Containing Addictive Substances in the Form of Tobacco Products for Health; 2012.
  • Znyk M, Jurewicz J, Kaleta D. Exposure to Heated Tobacco Products and Adverse Health Effects, a Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18(12):6651. doi:10.3390/ijerph18126651.
  • Omare MO, Kibet JK, Cherutoi JK, et al. A review of tobacco abuse and its epidemiological consequences. Z Gesundh Wiss 2022;30(6):1485-500. doi: 10.1007/s10389-020-01443-4.
  • Lorensia A, Muntu CM, Suryadinata RV, et al. Lung Function Disorders and Physical Activity in Smoking and Non-Smoking Students. J Prev Med Hyg 2021;62(1):E89–96. doi: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.1.1763.
  • Morgan JC, Byron MJ, Baig SA, et al. How people think about the chemicals in cigarette smoke: a systematic review. J Behav Med 2017;40(4):553–64. doi:10.1007/s10865-017-9823-5.
  • Traboulsi H, Cherian M, Rjeili MA, et al. Inhalation Toxicology of Vaping Products and Implications for Pulmonary Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21(3495):1–31. doi: 10.3390/ijms21103495.
  • Cibella F, Campagna D, Caponnetto P, et al. Lung function and respiratory symptoms in a randomized smoking cessation trial of electronic cigarettes. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016;130(21):1929–37. doi: 10.1042/CS20160268.
  • Phaniendra A, Jestadi DB, Periyasamy L. Free Radicals: Properties, Sources, Targets, and Their Implication in Various Diseases. Indian J Clin Biochem 2015;30(1):11–26. doi:10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0.
  • Caliri AW, Tommasi S, Besaratinia A. Relationships among smoking, oxidative stress, inflammation, macromolecular damage, and cancer. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 2021;787:108365. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108365.
  • Marginean C, Popescu MS, Vladaia M, et al. Involvement of Oxidative Stress in COPD. Curr Health Sci J 2018;44(1),48–55. doi:10.12865/CHSJ.44.01.08.
  • Morsch ALBC, Wisniewski E, Luciano TF, et al. Cigarette smoke exposure induces ROS-mediated autophagy by regulating sestrin, AMPK, and mTOR level in mice. Redox Rep 2019;24(1):27–33. doi: 10.1080/13510002.2019.1601448.
  • Bernardo I, Bozinovski S, Vlahos R. Targeting oxidant-dependent mechanisms for the treatment of COPD and its comorbidities. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2015;155:60–79. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.08.005.
  • Lorensia A, Wahyudi M, Mayzika NA. Effectiveness of Fish Oil Containing Omega-3 In Improving Symptoms And Lung Function In Asthma Outpatient In Surabaya, Indonesia. International Journal Of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance 2018;9(3):260–6. doi: 10.25258/ijpqa.v9i3.13657 .
  • Wiest EF, Walsh-Wilcox MT, Walker MK. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Protect Against Cigarette Smoke-Induced Oxidative Stress and Vascular Dysfunction. Toxicol Sci 2017;156(1):300–10. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw255.
  • Lorensia A, Suryadinata RV. Assessment of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Food Intakes in Online Motorcycle Taxi Drivers. Teikyo Medical Journal 2021;44(4):881–92. doi: https://www.teikyomedicaljournal.com/article/assessment-of-omega-3-fatty-acid-food-intakes-in-online-motorcycle-taxi-drivers.
  • Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 28 of 2019 concerning Nutrition Adequacy Rates; 2019.
  • Lorensia A, Wahjudi M, Yudiarso A, et al. Pilot Study of Lung Function Improvement in Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) Value Using Fish Oil Containing Omega-3 Therapy in Asthma. Global Medical & Health Communication 2020;8(3):211–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.29313/gmhc.v8i3.5783.
  • Suryadinata RV, Lorensia A, Sari RK. Differences in Nutrition Food Intake and Body Mass Index between Smoker and Non-smoker in Adult. Indones J Clin Pharm. 2017;6(3):171-80. doi: 10.15416/ijcp.2017.6.3.171.
  • Tomioka K, Kurumatani N, Saeki K. The Association Between Education and Smoking Prevalence, Independent of Occupation: A Nationally Representative Survey in Japan. J Epidemiol. 2020;30(3):136-42. doi:10.2188/jea.JE20180195.
  • Sharma MK, Suman LN, Srivastava K, et al. Psychometric properties of Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence: A systematic review. Ind Psychiatry J 2021;30(2):207-216. doi: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_51_21.
  • Weinberger AH, Platt J, Esan H, et al. Cigarette Smoking Is Associated With Increased Risk of Substance Use Disorder Relapse: A Nationally Representative, Prospective Longitudinal Investigation. J Clin Psychiatry 2017;78(2):e152–60. doi: 10.4088/JCP.15m10062.
  • West R. Tobacco smoking: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychol Health 2017;32(8):1018–36. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2017.1325890.
  • Tiwari RK, Sharma V, Pandey RK, et al. Nicotine Addiction: Neurobiology and Mechanism. J Pharmacopuncture 2020;23(1):1–7. doi: 10.3831/KPI.2020.23.001.
  • Gammone MA, Riccioni G, Parrinello G, et al. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Benefits and Endpoints in Sport. Nutrients. 2018;11(1):46. doi: 10.3390/nu11010046.
  • Saini RK, Prasad P, Sreedhar RV, et al. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs): Emerging Plant and Microbial Sources, Oxidative Stability, Bioavailability, and Health Benefits-A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021;10(10):1627. doi:10.3390/antiox10101627.
  • Yan CH, Rathor A, Krook K, et al. Effect of Omega-3 Supplementation in Patients With Smell Dysfunction Following Endoscopic Sellar and Parasellar Tumor Resection: A Multicenter Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. Neurosurgery 2020;87(2):E91–E98. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyz559.
  • Rathod G, Kairam N. Preparation of omega 3 rich oral supplement using dairy and non-dairy based ingredients. J Food Sci Technol 2018;55(2):760–6. doi:10.1007/s13197-017-2988-7.
  • Healy-Stoffel M, Levant B. N-3 (Omega-3) Fatty Acids: Effects on Brain Dopamine Systems and Potential Role in the Etiology and Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2018;17(3):216-32. doi: 10.2174/1871527317666180412153612.
  • Sadeghi-Ardekani K, Haghighi M, Zarrin R. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on cigarette craving and oxidative stress index in heavy-smoker males: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Psychopharmacol 2018;32(9):995-1002. doi: 10.1177/0269881118788806.
  • Scaglia N, Chatkin J, Chapman KR, et al. The relationship between omega-3 and smoking habit: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 2016;15:61. doi: 10.1186/s12944-016-0220-9.
  • Rabinovitz S. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on tobacco craving in cigarette smokers: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Journal of Psychopharmacology 2014;28(8):804–9. doi: 10.1177/0269881114536477.
  • Lorensia A, Wahyudi M, Yudiarso A, et al. Effect of illness perception on improving asthma symptoms with omega-3 fish oil therapy: Pre-post design. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 2020b;10(6):62–71.
  • Tocher DR, Betancor MB, Sprague M, et al. Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, EPA and DHA: Bridging the Gap between Supply and Demand. Nutrients 2019;11(1):89. doi:10.3390/nu11010089.
  • Gladyshev MI, Sushchik NN. Long-chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Natural Ecosystems and the Human Diet: Assumptions and Challenges. Biomolecules 2019;9(9):485. doi:10.3390/biom9090485.
  • Wheeler E, Walsh-Wilcox M, Shah M, et al. Interactive Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Secondhand Smoke in Mice and Human Subjects. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021;21(2):115-26. doi: 10.1007/s12012-020-09601-6.

Downloads

Published

2023-12-04

How to Cite

1.
Lorensia A, Aditama IGAS, Suryadinata RV, Raharjo DN. Effects of Smoking Habits on Omega-3 Food Intake in Adults. IJHN [Internet]. 2023 Dec. 4 [cited 2024 Apr. 29];10(2):146-53. Available from: https://ijhn.ub.ac.id/index.php/ijhn/article/view/706

Issue

Vol. 10 No. 2 (2023)

Section

Articles

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License